{"id":7627,"date":"2020-09-20T23:29:56","date_gmt":"2020-09-20T23:29:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-first-weights-and-measures\/as-primeiras-tentativas-de-uniformizacao\/"},"modified":"2023-02-13T12:52:58","modified_gmt":"2023-02-13T12:52:58","slug":"early-reforms-towards-standardization","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-first-weights-and-measures\/early-reforms-towards-standardization\/","title":{"rendered":"Early reforms towards standardization"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:calc( 100% + 0px ) !important;max-width:calc( 100% + 0px ) !important;margin-left: calc(-0px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" 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href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/metrological-reforms-of-the-modern-era\/the-reform-of-king-sebastiao\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The Reform of King Sebasti\u00e3o<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7715\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7715\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/metrological-reforms-of-the-modern-era\/the-philippine-dynasty\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The Philippine Dynasty<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7767\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-7767\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-decimal-metric-system\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The decimal metric system<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><ul 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menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-7921\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Other services<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><ul class=\"sub-menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-7920\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7920\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/purchase-of-the-book-weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Purchase of the book &#8220;Weights and measures in Portugal&#8221;<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7919\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7919\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/historical-archive\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Historical archive<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-8451\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8451\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/teaching-materials-museum\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Teaching materials<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7918\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7918\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/bibliography\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Bibliography<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two subtitulo-sh2\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#eeb614;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:2;\">MIDDLE AGES:\u00a0EARLY REFORMS TOWARDS STANDARDIZATION<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;\"><p class=\"p1\">Although the feudal and stately structure of the time promoted the existence of a great diversity of measurement units, the determination of weights and measures was a royal privilege and, from an early age, there were attempts to standardize weights and measures.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In 1179, the charters given by King Afonso Henriques to Coimbra, Santar\u00e9m and Lisbon mention an\u00a0<i>alqueire<\/i>\u00a0(bushel) much larger than the old one, which would be about 40% smaller than the new\u00a0<i>alqueire<\/i>. Several later documents refer to the existence of the small measure and the large measure, or large\u00a0<i>rasa<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In 1352, in the\u00a0<i>Cortes\u00a0<\/i>(Courts)<i>\u00a0<\/i>of\u00a0Lisbon, the people\u2019s representatives\u00a0asked the king to standardize the various measures,\u00a0for length,\u00a0volume and weight. One of the situations concerned the measures used for\u00a0coloured\u00a0cloth, as the buyers bought according to \u201clarge\u201d measures and sold using smaller measures, causing losses to their customers. In\u00a0this particular, King Afonso IV\u00a0agreed, ordering that everyone should use the\u00a0<i>alna\u00a0<\/i>(i.e., the\u00a0<i>c\u00f4vado<\/i>) of Lisbon.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">As for the measures for volume (for\u00a0flour, wine and olive oil) and\u00a0weight, the king understood that he would have to assess the situation better, as any decision would also affect other municipalities that were not represented in these\u00a0<i>Cortes<\/i>. Meanwhile, the king died without making any decisions on the measurement systems.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The greatest reform of volume measures in the first dynasty occurs with\u00a0King\u00a0Pedro I, who slightly increased the volume of the\u00a0<i>alqueire<\/i>, maintaining a direct relationship between the measures used for liquids and solids:\u00a0one\u00a0<i>almude<\/i>\u00a0had the capacity of two bushels, worth each bushel 6\u00a0<i>canadas<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The old\u00a0<i>alqueire<\/i>\u00a0was 8\/9 of the \u201cKing Pedro\u2019s\u00a0<i>alqueire<\/i>\u201d.\u00a0 The system kept a previously known structure: the\u00a0<i>moio\u00a0<\/i>was divided into 4\u00a0<i>quarteiros<\/i>, 16\u00a0<i>teigas<\/i>, 32\u00a0<i>almudes\u00a0<\/i>and 64\u00a0<i>alqueires<\/i>, which meant that\u00a0one\u00a0<i>almude<\/i>\u00a0was still worth 2\u00a0<i>alqueires<\/i>\u00a0and 12\u00a0<i>canadas<\/i>\u00a0(1\u00a0<i>alqueire<\/i>\u00a0was worth 6\u00a0<i>canadas<\/i>). Gradually, other former units of volume, such as the\u00a0<i>sesteiro<\/i>, the\u00a0<i>pu\u00e7al\u00a0<\/i>and the\u00a0<i>quarta<\/i>, fell into disuse.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:right;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"128\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/cortes_elvas_v1.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/storagewebsiteipq.blob.core.windows.net\/website\/\/cortes_elvas_v1-200x128.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-6785\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27267%27%20height%3D%27171%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20267%20171%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27267%27%20height%3D%27171%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/cortes_elvas_v1-200x128.png 200w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/cortes_elvas_v1.png 267w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p class=\"p1\">In the Courts of Elvas, in 1361, the king decreed that the measures of wine should be assessed by the\u00a0<i>almude<\/i> of Lisbon.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Regarding weight, in those same Courts it was determined that those used to weigh some products (eg.\u00a0meat, wool and linen) should be made of iron and not\u00a0stone, and\u00a0marked and checked by the\u00a0<i>arroba<\/i> of Lisbon.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">As to weighing meat, the king decreed that the\u00a0<i>arr\u00e1teis\u00a0folforinhos<\/i>\u00a0could still be used as units of weight where this was the custom, checking the corresponding weights against the standard of Santar\u00e9m. It was therefore concluded that Lisbon had the standard of the\u00a0<i>arroba<\/i>\u00a0and Santar\u00e9m kept the standard of the\u00a0<i>arr\u00e1tel\u00a0folforinho<\/i>, which was worth 3\/4 of the\u00a0<i>arr\u00e1tel\u00a0mourisco<\/i>\u00a0(Moorish\u00a0arratel).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"234\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/lei_da_almotacaria_v1.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/storagewebsiteipq.blob.core.windows.net\/website\/\/lei_da_almotacaria_v1-200x234.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-6789\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27385%27%20height%3D%27450%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20385%20450%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27385%27%20height%3D%27450%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/lei_da_almotacaria_v1-200x234.png 200w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/lei_da_almotacaria_v1.png 385w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p class=\"p1\">In accordance with the Law of\u00a0Almota\u00e7aria\u00a0of 1253, the\u00a0<i>arr\u00e1tel<\/i>\u00a0would be 12.5 ounces, but in the 14th century, we found the \u201clegal\u201d\u00a0<i>arr\u00e1tel<\/i> weighing 14 ounces. However, it is uncertain whether this change is related to the reforms of King Pedro\u00a0I.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">However, despite these attempts at uniformity, various types of marks, such as those of Cologne, of Tria (Troys) and of\u00a0<i>mar\u00e7aria<\/i>\u00a0(grocer) continued to be used, as well as several types of\u00a0<i>arr\u00e1teis<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The obligation to use iron weights (arrobas) and not stone was reinforced during the reign of King Jo\u00e3o I, in the Courts of Coimbra (1391).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In the courts that started in Elvas in 1481 and ended in Viana in 1482, during the reign of King Jo\u00e3o II, it was determined, at the request of the peoples, that all measures should be of the same capacity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In 1487 King Jo\u00e3o II found that \u201c<i>the primary cause of the deviation of those weights comes from\u00a0the existence of\u00a0two types of ounces, the ounce of the mark of the\u00a0Colonha\u00a0(Cologne) which was ordered to be used for weighing gold and silver, and\u00a0the ounce of\u00a0the mark of\u00a0mar\u00e7aria\u00a0(grocer) which was ordered to be used for general merchandise\u201d.<\/i>\u00a0Thus, in that same year, King Jo\u00e3o II asked the Lisbon City Council and the representatives of the guilds to give their opinions about the idea of using a single type of mark for\u00a0all of\u00a0the products (\u201ceither the mark of Cologne or the\u00a0<i>mar\u00e7aria<\/i>\u00a0mark\u201d) and a new system of weights\u00a0according to\u00a0the following structure:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><i>on\u00e7a<\/i>\u00a0(ounce) = 6\u00a0<i>gr\u00e3os<\/i>\u00a0(grains);<\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><i>marco<\/i>\u00a0(mark) = 8\u00a0ounces;<\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><i>arr\u00e1tel<\/i>\u00a0= 2 marks = 16\u00a0ounces;<\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><i>arroba<\/i>\u00a0= 32\u00a0arr\u00e1teis;<\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><i>quintal<\/i>\u00a0= 4\u00a0<i>arrobas<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:right;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"139\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Provisao_14-Outubro_v1.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/storagewebsiteipq.blob.core.windows.net\/website\/\/Provisao_14-Outubro_v1-200x139.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-6787\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27436%27%20height%3D%27304%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20436%20304%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27436%27%20height%3D%27304%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Provisao_14-Outubro_v1-200x139.png 200w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Provisao_14-Outubro_v1-400x279.png 400w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Provisao_14-Outubro_v1.png 436w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p class=\"p1\">In the following year, D. Jo\u00e3o II ordered that people should no longer use the mark of Tria (Troyes), but instead, they should use the mark of Cologne: \u201c<i>that the weight and mark of Tria used for weighing gold and silver and other things, made of iron, shall not be held or used by any officer or any other person, for weighting any products, but, instead, they must use the weight and mark of Cologne, thus we order&#8230;\u00a0<\/i>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In the Courts of 1490, following the request of some municipalities, King Jo\u00e3o II accepted that part of the country used the measures of Porto and not those of Santar\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">King Jo\u00e3o II died in 1495 without having applied the reform of the weight system based on the\u00a016 ounce\u00a0<i>arr\u00e1tel<\/i>\u00a0that he had proposed.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5 template-1-text\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":58,"featured_media":0,"parent":8304,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7627","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/58"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7627"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7627\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18442,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7627\/revisions\/18442"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8304"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7627"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}