{"id":7729,"date":"2020-09-21T09:21:08","date_gmt":"2020-09-21T09:21:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-decimal-metric-system\/criacao-do-sistema-metrico-decimal\/"},"modified":"2023-02-13T12:49:54","modified_gmt":"2023-02-13T12:49:54","slug":"creation-of-the-decimal-metric-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-decimal-metric-system\/creation-of-the-decimal-metric-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Creation of the decimal metric system"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" 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class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2005\" height=\"265\" title=\"header_MM-EN\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/header_MM-EN-2.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/storagewebsiteipq.blob.core.windows.net\/website\/header_MM-EN-2.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7735\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272005%27%20height%3D%27265%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202005%20265%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272005%27%20height%3D%27265%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/header_MM-EN-2-200x26.png 200w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/header_MM-EN-2-400x53.png 400w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/header_MM-EN-2-600x79.png 600w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/header_MM-EN-2-800x106.png 800w, 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menu-item-7583\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Weights and measures in Portugal<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><ul class=\"sub-menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-8313\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-8313\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-first-weights-and-measures\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The first weights and measures<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><ul class=\"sub-menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-7605\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7605\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-first-weights-and-measures\/length-measures\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Length measures<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7654\" class=\"menu-item 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href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/metrological-reforms-of-the-modern-era\/the-reform-of-king-sebastiao\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The Reform of King Sebasti\u00e3o<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7715\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7715\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/metrological-reforms-of-the-modern-era\/the-philippine-dynasty\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The Philippine Dynasty<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7767\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-7767\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-decimal-metric-system\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The decimal metric system<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><ul class=\"sub-menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-7764\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7764\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-decimal-metric-system\/creation-of-the-decimal-metric-system\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Creation of the decimal metric system<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7763\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7763\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-decimal-metric-system\/the-reform-of-king-joao-vi\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The reform of King Jo\u00e3o VI<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7762\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7762\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-decimal-metric-system\/adoption-and-promotion-of-the-metric-system\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Adoption and promotion of the metric system<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-8440\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8440\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/the-decimal-metric-system\/the-meter-convention\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> The meter convention<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-8441\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8441\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/collaboration-with-nadl\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Collaboration with NADL<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7921\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-7921\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Other services<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><ul class=\"sub-menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-7920\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7920\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/purchase-of-the-book-weights-and-measures-in-portugal\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Purchase of the book &#8220;Weights and measures in Portugal&#8221;<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7919\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7919\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/historical-archive\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Historical archive<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-8451\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8451\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/teaching-materials-museum\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Teaching materials<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-7918\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7918\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/metrology-museum\/other-services\/bibliography\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Bibliography<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two subtitulo-sh2\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#eeb614;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:2;\">CREATION OF THE\u00a0DECIMAL METRIC SYSTEM<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 template-1-text\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">At the end of the 18th century, the measurement systems used in Europe were characterized by great diversity. Despite the reforms and attempts at standardization that took place in several countries, the reality of metrology continued to be based on the coexistence of immense measurement systems and countless units and measures with the same name, worth different values, depending on the location.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In France, at the beginning of the last quarter of the 18th century, the standard of the length was the\u00a0Toise\u00a0of Ch\u00e2telet (it was fixed outside the Grand Ch\u00e2telet in Paris). It was based on this standard that 2\u00a0toises\u00a0used to measure the meridian arcs were manufactured: one in Peru (Toise\u00a0of Peru) and another in Lapland (north\u00a0Toise).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For weight, the Charlemagne pile, manufactured in the late 15th century, was still used.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In 1766, as the\u00a0Toise\u00a0of Ch\u00e2telet was being tampered with, Luis XV approved the proposal to adopt the\u00a0Toise\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of Peru\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as a prototype standard and ordered the\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Acad\u00e9mie\u202fdes\u202f<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">S<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ciences<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">French Academy of Sciences<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0to manufacture 80 copies to distribute to the\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">procureurs\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9raux\u00a0au\u00a0Parlement<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(Parliament&#8217;s General Attorneys). It was this standard, which became known as\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Toise\u00a0de\u00a0l&#8217;Acad\u00e9mie<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(Toise\u00a0of the Academy), which came to be used to define the provisional meter in 1795 and the definitive meter in 1799.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">With the French Revolution, studies were renewed to find a simpler and more rational system.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In March 1790, Talleyrand proposed the creation of a new stable, uniform and simple measurement system, based on the length of the seconds pendulum at a latitude of 45\u00b0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Two months later, in May 1790, the\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Assembl\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">N<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ationale\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">C<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">onstituante<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">National\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Constituent\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Assembly<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0adopted the principle of uniformity of weights and measures, based, precisely, on the length of the seconds pendulum.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:right;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"257\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Medicao_triangulacao_v1.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/storagewebsiteipq.blob.core.windows.net\/website\/\/Medicao_triangulacao_v1-200x257.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7027\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27386%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20300%20386%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27300%27%20height%3D%27386%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Medicao_triangulacao_v1-200x257.png 200w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Medicao_triangulacao_v1.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In March 1791, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">National\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Constituent\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Assembly<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">decreed that, in order to achieve a natural and invariable unit of measurement, the magnitude of the terrestrial meridian quarter should be adapted to the base of the new measurement system, which should be decimal. For this purpose, the necessary operations would be carried out, namely the measurement of a meridian arc, by triangulation, between Dunkirk and Barcelon<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Although the war with Spain interrupted the measurements, in 1793 the\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">m\u00e8tre<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0for the length,\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0for the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">area<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, the\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">grave<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">afterwards\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">gramme<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> for the weight, the <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">pint<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(afterwards\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">cadil<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, and in 1795\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">liter<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">for the volume\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and the franc (equal to 1\u00a0centigrave\u00a0of silver) for the currency<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">were approved by decree<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In 1795, the Decimal Metric System was approved, with a standard of weights and measures for the entire Republic: the platinum meter, which would be the fundamental unit of the entire system of measures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">After the measurements of the meridian arc carried out by\u00a0M\u00e9chain\u00a0and\u00a0Delambre, in 1796-97, the definitive meter was established (&#8220;the lengt<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">h<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0of 3 feet 11.996 lines of the\u00a0Toise\u00a0of the Academy&#8221;), from which the liter and kilogram were defined.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On December 10, 1799, the final values \u200b\u200bof the\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">m\u00e8tre<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and the\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">kilogramme<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, executed in platinum, were approved.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Padrao_metro_kilograma_v1.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/storagewebsiteipq.blob.core.windows.net\/website\/\/Padrao_metro_kilograma_v1-400x260.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-6867\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27292%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20450%20292%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27450%27%20height%3D%27292%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Padrao_metro_kilograma_v1-200x130.png 200w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Padrao_metro_kilograma_v1-400x260.png 400w, https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/Padrao_metro_kilograma_v1.png 450w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3 template-1-text\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":58,"featured_media":0,"parent":7719,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7729","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/58"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7729"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18432,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7729\/revisions\/18432"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipq.pt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}